My Antonia Name Comparisons essays

My Antonia Name Comparisons articles Willa Cathers artful culmination, My Antonia, is an account of nostalgic thoughtful connections, principally between Antonia Shimerda and Jim Burden. With Jim being the storyteller, Willa composes through him with compassion and a suggestive, suggestive tone. Much can be said about Jim Burden and the pressure he holds without Antonia in his life. Nonetheless, she was consistently in his heart. Willa brings out numerous characters through Jim in mysterious manners. As a peruser, I deciphered Jims last name (Burden) to fit into his character, and broke down this data to check whether my theory was right. Websters Dictionary (and different assets) characterizes trouble as something that is genuinely hard to hold up under. A wellspring of extraordinary concern or stress. To overload or mistreat. I felt this to fit right in with Jims character in how he was extremely debilitated and frightened by the way that he went separate ways with Antonia. He let this abuse get to him, and let Antonia stand apart as a theoretical figure in his psyche. Jim permits himself to slip separated from her instead of waiting near her. Jim consistently held that uncommon spot in his heart for her in any case. The weight he conveyed was extremely substantial and significant however he just couldn't allow her to flee. He had the recollections, as they developed to a more noteworthy and more noteworthy solid establishment of aching, aching to some time or another see his youth friend by and by. Jim stays to get a handle on the great and awful occasions in his mind. He clarifies the time he escapes his home to the Firemens Hall move. He strolls Antonia back to the Cutters and requests a kiss. Before long his expectation transforms into disgrace as she dismisses him. However he was content with her uprightness and great worth, and he strolls home with Antonia in his brain and heart. Times go on and he finds the updates on Antonias fianc fleeing from her. He feels profound lament for her hardship. ... <!

Horror of War Exposed in Dulce et Decorum Est Essay examples -- Dulce

Awfulness of War Exposed in Dulce et Decorum Est We have all heard war stories that appeared to be energizing and bold. A few stories are of men who happily set out their lives in the brilliance of fight and would do so again whenever given the opportunity. These accounts stimulate our assessment and facilitate the torment of genuine war, however they do little to assist us with understanding war's ruthlessness. In his sonnet Dulce et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen doesn't endeavor to pull the blood recolored fleece over our eyes. Rather than a novel joke, Owen gives us an investigate the genuine frightfulness of war. Utilizing pictures of torment and distress, Owen gives us a sample of the forefront that smashes any sentimental thoughts regarding war. The vast majority of us imagine warriors walking into fight as upstanding, consistent youngsters gladly bearing their backpacks and singing as they walk. Owen paints us an image of an alternate tone. Owen depicts the men as, Bowed twofold, similar to old hobos under sacks. We see figures that are in opposition to our assumptions ( 1). Owen's men of war are worn out from the pressure of fight and the heaviness of the unavoidable fate that lies ahe...

A Beginners Guide To An Amcas Essay Sample

A Beginner's Guide To An Amcas Essay SampleAn Amcas Essay Sample is a certain course required for successful business of your college or university. You will be taught what you have to do with this type of course and it will make you capable of performing different duties for yourself, in order to promote your college or university. It will assist you to know how you can get one of these courses, and how you can be allowed to use the material and how you can do it in a proper way.In today's world, every person has to study in order to be able to get one of these courses. If you are just interested in going to school, then you are able to get this kind of course.No matter if you are studying to be a teacher or an administrator of the school, the academic ability of your school will determine your class' success. So, you will be able to study and prepare for your classes well, if you have the materials needed for these courses.Therefore, if you are searching for the best essay samples for the use of Amcas, you can go on the internet, because it will be easy for you to search and get the desired one, which you need. Moreover, it will also help you to learn about the different kinds of essays that you can write.These kinds of essays, which you are to write, are known as research-based essays. Because this type of course is not like a traditional one, which consists of only written word, you have to learn about other ways to improve your writing.The only problem is that you have to consider many possible methods, so that you can improve your skills. For example, you can read about research, which you can find in several websites.You can also conduct research about how other students ofthe school did in this kind of course. To prepare you, you have to ask for the resources that you need.In this case, the best Amcas Essay Sample would be the research-based essay. This is a very useful type of essay, which will help you help your school or your college.

Redbud is a Rapid-grower and Makes a Great Yard Tree

The state tree of Oklahoma, Eastern Redbud is a moderate to rapid-grower when young, reaching a height of 20 to 30 feet. Thirty-year-old specimens are rare but they can reach 35 feet in height, forming a rounded vase. Trees of this size are often found on moist sites. The splendid purple-pink flowers appear all over the tree in spring, just before the leaves emerge. Eastern Redbud has an irregular growth habit when young but forms a graceful flat-topped vase-shape as it gets older. Specifics Scientific name: Cercis canadensisPronunciation: SER-sis kan-uh-DEN-sisCommon name(s): Eastern RedbudFamily: LeguminosaeUSDA hardiness zones: 4B through 9AOrigin: native to North AmericaAvailability: generally available in many areas within its hardiness range Popular Cultivars Several cultivars of eastern redbud may be seen: forma alba - white flowers, blooms about a week later; ‘Pink Charm’ - flowers pink; ‘Pinkbud’ - flowers pink; ‘Purple Leaf’ - young foliage purple; ‘Silver Cloud’ - leaves variegated with white; ‘Flame’ - more erect branching, flowers double, blooms later, sterile so no seed pods form. ‘Forest Pansy’ is a particularly attractive cultivar with purple-red leaves in the spring, but the color fades to green in the summer in the south. Management Considerations Be sure to avoid weak forks by pruning to reduce the size of lateral branches and save those which form a ‘U’-shaped crotch, not a ‘V’. Keep them less than half the diameter of the main trunk to increase the longevity of the tree. Do not allow multiple trunks to grow with tight crotches. Instead, space branches about 6 to 10 inches apart along the main trunk. Eastern redbud is best not used extensively as a street tree due to low disease resistance and short life. Description Height: 20 to 30 feetSpread: 15 to 25 feetCrown uniformity: irregular outline or silhouetteCrown shape: round; vase shapeCrown density: moderateGrowth rate: fastTexture: coarse Trunk and Branches The bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact; droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for vehicular or pedestrian clearance beneath the canopy. Routinely grown with, or trainable to be grown with, multiple trunks; not particularly showy. The tree wants to grow with several trunks but can be trained to grow with a single trunk; no thorns. Foliage Leaf arrangement: alternateLeaf type: simpleLeaf margin: entireLeaf shape: orbiculate; ovateLeaf venation: banchidodrome; pinnate; palmate; reticulateLeaf type and persistence: deciduousLeaf blade length: 4 to 8 inches; 2 to 4 inchesLeaf color: greenFall color: yellowFall characteristic: showy Flowers and Fruit Flower color: lavender; pink; purpleFlower characteristics: spring-flowering; very showyFruit shape: podFruit length: 1 to 3 inchesFruit covering: dry or hardFruit color: brownFruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; no significant litter problem; persistent on the tree; showy Culture Light requirement: tree grows in part shade/part sun; tree grows in full sunSoil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; acidic; occasionally wet; alkaline; well-drainedDrought tolerance: highAerosol salt tolerance: noneSoil salt tolerance: poor Redbuds In-Depth Eastern Redbuds grow well in full sun in the northern part of its range but will benefit from some shade in the southern zones, particularly in the lower Midwest where summers are hot. Best growth occurs in a light, rich, moist soil but eastern redbud adapts well to a variety of soil including sandy or alkaline. Trees look better when they receive some irrigation in summer dry spells. Its native habitat ranges from stream bank to dry ridge, demonstrating its adaptability. Trees are sold as single or multi-stemmed. Young trees are easiest to transplant and survive best when planted in the spring or fall. Containerized trees can be planted anytime. The beans provide food for some birds. Trees are short-lived but provide a wonderful show in the spring and fall. Cercis are best propagated by seed. Use ripe seed to plant directly, or, if the seed has been stored, stratification is necessary before sowing in a greenhouse. Cultivars can be propagated by grafting onto seedlings, or by summer cuttings under mist or in a greenhouse.

Hunger, Poverty, And Poverty - 2119 Words

Hunger and poverty are two concepts that seem to be deeply entwined. More often than not, these two terms tend to bring up images of starving young children in third-world developing countries. People seem to believe that hunger and poverty is a distant concept that does not affect their everyday life and decisions. Hunger and poverty, however, might not be as distant as some would want it. Although the United States is considered to be a developed first world country, hunger and poverty still exists. Rather than just terming it as hunger and poverty, food injustice is the name of this travesty. However, what does this mean? Food injustice is a structural problem where huge corporations has monopolized the agricultural industry and encroached on food consumption. As a result of food injustice, healthy food choices have become an unattainable, expensive luxury that low-income families and those below the poverty line are unable to afford. Following a chain reaction, food injustice cau ses many families to be food insecure. This in turns causes malnutrition, obesity, and in some cases, eating disorders. However, food injustice can be combated in many different ways. This paper will focus on what causes food injustice, the results of food injustice, and ways in which to combat food injustice. Food injustice is not just a third world problem as its existence drives a wedge through the equality of social classes and pushes those in poverty into a worst state. ThroughoutShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Hunger Of Poverty1211 Words   |  5 PagesMost people know that world poverty and hunger exist. Many countries are experiencing poverty and hunger, because they have insufficient resources. Most people have different approaches about helping people in need. Some donate and try to do their part, while others ignore the situation. However, ignoring the issue will not cause poverty and hunger to disappear. The only way world poverty and hunger will reduce if people are willin g to contribute more to help prevent this global issues that has beenRead MoreHunger, Poverty, And Poverty887 Words   |  4 Pagespeople were living in poverty in the United States (â€Å"Hunger and Poverty,† n.d). That is 14.8 percent of the people living in the United States. Majority of those people were under the age of 18 years old, that’s 15.5 million children (â€Å"Hunger and Poverty,† n.d). Most of the people who are living in poverty don’t have the job to support himself or herself or a family. Providing food for these people and working hard to lower the number of people living in poverty, which leads to hunger, would benefit manyRead MoreHunger, Poverty, And Poverty1300 Words   |  6 Pagesnearly 1 billion people suffer from hunger while others are obese. Every day, millions of people in the world; particularly in poor countries, suffer from hunger, the scarcity of food. Many of them die because they struggle a lot to fulfill this need. H owever, governments, organizations and citizens try hard to find solutions to eradicate this problem. Poverty is factor associated with food insecurity. To eliminate hunger organizations and government should fight poverty above all. For most people in theRead MoreThe Hunger Of Poverty And Poverty1029 Words   |  5 Pagessoon. The kids, extremely hungry, stomachs rumbling and growling, still trying not to make their parents lose even more. The family was struggling and they felt like giving up right away, yet, they still had a sliver of hope to end the terror of poverty. It turns out this story is one of the many events of which many families have struggled in earning jobs and money, not being able to buy any food or water. Many people, while they are walking on the streets, have seen the people, sitting on the groundRead MoreHunger, Poverty, And Poverty1290 Words   |  6 Pages Hunger play a crucial role in everyone’s lives. Many people in third world countries do not always have the luxury to go to bed on a full stomach. Certain people face these obstacles that they could overcome on their own. However, certain adversities are much greater than one individual. Striving to end hunger inspires unity for those struggling and those who want to find a solution for the problem. Working together to improve life on land is one of the most important aspects in life. The globalRead MoreHunger, Poverty, And Poverty3258 Words   |  14 Pagesnext meal or paycheck will come, and there is no one to turn to for help. Hope is gone. Stabbing hunger pains are usually associated with starving children in Africa, but hunger is also related to poverty. What people do not realize is that poverty is also a concern in the United States. To many Americans, poverty does not seem problematic, but the issue exists and is very real. Since severe poverty leads to homelessness, the next step is children being put in foster care because their parents doRead MorePoverty And Hunger : Hunger1542 Words   |  7 PagesHardy Social Problems SOC S-163-Sect. 29531 08 April 2016 Poverty and Hunger Hunger impacts 48.1 million Americans; 46.7 million of them live in poverty. According to Feeding America, seventy percent of their clients are at one hundred percent below the federal poverty line (â€Å"Hunger and Poverty Facts†, 2016). Poverty is the social factor, which creates and sustains hunger. You may be wondering that if poverty creates hunger, what creates poverty? Economics, politics, and capitalism all keep the impoverishedRead MorePoverty Of Extreme Poverty And Hunger1606 Words   |  7 PagesMDG Paper ( 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger (â€Å"Extreme poverty rates have been cut by more than half since 1990†) a. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day i. Goal was met by 2010 ii. Since 1990, over 1 billion people have been lifted from extreme poverty iii. In 1990, almost 50% of people in developing nations lived on less than $1.25 a day. In 2015, it is only 14%. b. Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, includingRead MorePoverty, Hunger, And Hunger1815 Words   |  8 Pages Haley De Stefano Zero Hunger U.S.A. Position Paper Part 1: History of Zero Hunger, and hunger around the world The Zero Hunger project was launched in 2012 by Ban Ki-Moon, to fulfill his aspiration to live in a world where nobody would be hungry and everyone would be healthy, and in the past few months and years the world has made big progress towards ending world hunger. Zero Hunger isn’t just a dream that theRead MorePoverty, Hunger, And Homelessness971 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty, hunger, and homelessness in America are much more common despite being the wealthiest nation in the world. Poverty is well-defined as having inadequate income to provide the food, shelter and clothing needed to preserve good health. Hunger is quite simply not knowing where your next meal will be coming from, to a certain extent simply being food insecure. Homelessness is homeless who are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure, and adequate housing. To live below

Cosmetic Animal Testing - 2215 Words

Skye Meadows English 101 4/1/2012 Cosmetic Animal Testing: Scientifically and Unethically Inaccurate Animal testing is still done by cosmetic companies even though it is unethical and scientifically inaccurate. The various tests carried out on animals is not a guarantee for using cosmetics on our skin since animals react differently to certain chemicals as compared to humans. Cosmetics companies kill millions of animals every year in pursuit of profit. The animals that suffer and die in these laboratories range from rabbits to mice. According to companies that perform such tests, they are done to establish the safety of products and ingredients. However, no law requires that cosmetics products be tested on animals. The Food and Drug†¦show more content†¦Laboratory animals that escape outright physical pain and discomfort are almost always subjected to isolation, depression and anxiety. In fact the worst evil we inflict upon animals condemned to scientific research may be the act of removing them from the natural habitat, or breeding them in captivity, and then placing them in the artificial environment of a laboratory cage, where they have no hope of having the kind of life nature intended for them. Animal skin and organs are not the same as human skin and organs; therefore, cosmetic testing on animal skin and organs is irrelevant to human skin and organs. Animals have different biological systems than humans do therefore the tests cannot be as accurate. Not only is animal testing inhumane it is inaccurate. Animal tests do not predict antidotes for product toxicity and do not keep toxic substances off the market and do not accurately measure human health hazards. They only determine that the product is toxic to the animal it was tested on. Animals have different biological systems than humans do therefore the tests cannot be as accurate. Animal skin and organs are not the same as human skin and organs; therefore, cosmetic testing on animal skin and organs are irrelevant to human skin and organs. Scientists and Doctors have taken some brain cells and blood cells from a Human that was HIV positive and directly injected them into a Chimpanzees brain. They found out that theShow Mor eRelatedAnimal Testing For Cosmetic Products Essay2037 Words   |  9 Pagesbans on animal testing for cosmetic products in several countries, including India, Israel, Norway, the European union and mostly recently, New Zealand, the United states, Canada, and Australia are among the countries who have yet to ban this ethically wrong practice and allow it to occur. Animal testing can be dated back to the ancient times of the Greeks and Romans, but many people still believe that the old-fashioned practice of animal testing for cosmetics died years ago. Typically, animal testsRead MoreCosmetic Testing On Animals And Animals1632 Words   |  7 Pages000,000 animals are killed annually throughout the United States (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). In America alone, over 11,000 research facilities partake in experimenting with cosmetic chemicals on animals (Collins). The number of animals used for cosmetic testing is alarming. Animals and humans differ from one another biol ogically in many significant ways. Statistics display irrefutably that cosmetic chemical preclinical testing on animals are unreliable. Animal testing is not onlyRead MoreAnimal Testing For The Sake Of Cosmetics2007 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"According to the view that an animal s moral claim is equivalent to a moral right, any action that fails to treat the animal as a being with inherent worth would violate that animal s right and is thus morally objectionable (Gruen).† This quote relates to a serious matter in that the use of animals in the testing of cosmetics is inhumane. Animal testing for the sake of cosmetics is a cruel, unethical and an unnecessary method of practice. There is debate among the companies in this practice (asRead MoreAnimal Testing On Cosmetics : Its Not Necessary1620 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"100,000-200,000 animals suffer and die just for cosmetics every year around the world.†(Humanesociety.org). Majority of these innocent animals ends up dying for no absolute reason at all also. Animal testing in cosmetics is a problem all around the world, but especially in the US. These animals need our help. Animal testing on cosmetics is nothing new in the US; animals have been getting tested on since the beginning of time. What’s different about cosmetics testing is that it’s not necessary. There’sRead MoreAnimal Testing : Cosmetic Manufacturers1375 Words   |  6 PagesMany products that we use on a daily routine have been part of animal testing. Throughout the years this has become a problem that millions of people have been raising awareness for and trying to find a solution to end this cruel act. But is this enough? One of the most notorious users of animal testing is cosmetic manufacturers. Throughout the year s many cosmetic companies have been trying to transition into using cruelty-free products. For example, Marla Donato from the Chicago Tribune statesRead MoreEssay on Cosmetics Testing on Animals , Is It Necessary?547 Words   |  3 PagesWhy should animals have to die, just for humans to have cosmetics? It is understandable if you want to cover up a scar on your face, but to just wear makeup because you think you need it, or because you feel like you cannot live without it, is ridiculous. Animals should not be dyeing for our insecurities on how we look, or on how society judges us. If society sees someone who is not Barbie or Ken perfect they judge us, so we put makeup on, it is not right for society to do that. Because of theirRead MoreAnimal Testing in Cosmetics Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pageshousehold items such as lotions, shampoos and cosmetics aren’t very expensive and are within reach for the public, yet the public is not knowledgeable of the fact that the products that they use everyday are put through a series of tests which involve the use of harmless animals. Several large commercial companies do not make products for animals; they decide that using thes e harmless creatures for the testing of their products, could be cause to be harmful to animals still go forward with these types ofRead More Cosmetic Testing on Animal Essay702 Words   |  3 Pages Cosmetic Testing on Animals Every year, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals, despite the fact that the test results don’t help prevent or treat human illness or injury. Cosmetics are not required to be tested on animals and since non-animal alternatives exist, it’s hard to understand why some companies still continue to conduct theseRead MoreThe Evils of Cosmetic Animal Testing Essay2159 Words   |  9 PagesA lot of people buy cosmetic products being ignorant to the fact that, that one product has killed a lot of animals. How would you like being sprayed with poisonous liquids, taking poisonous eye drops?, or being fed toxic substances? Cosmetic factories have been doing these inhumane things and more to innocent animals for years. According to PETA, every year, millions of animals are poisoned and killed in barbaric tests that were crudely developed as long ago as the 1920s to evaluate the toxicityRead MoreAnimal Testing For Cosmetics Essay1886 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing (Cosmetics and Medicine) Animal testing for cosmetics and medicine should be banned. Everyday thousands of animals are being tortured for science. The experiments that are performed on these poor animals are very inhumane. Scientists have a choice to make, they can choose to use animals and torture them or they can use alternatives like artificial skin from humans and/or animals to see how they react. For example, In â€Å"The 5 Worst Animal Experiments Happening Right Now† the author

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers free essay sample

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820 Benjamin Franklin (Planting courtesy Library of Congress) Thomas Paine (Portrait courtesy Library of Congress) James Femoral Cooper (Photo courtesy Library of Congress) The hard-fought American Revolution against Britain (1775-1783) was the first modern war of liberation against a colonial power. The triumph of American independence seemed to many at the time a divine sign that America and her people were destined for greatness. Military victory fanned nationalistic hopes for a great new literature.Charles Brocaded Brown was more typical. The author of several interesting Gothic romances, Brown was the first American author to attempt o live from his writing. But his short life ended in poverty. The lack of an audience was another problem. The small cultivated audience in America wanted well-known European authors, partly out of the exaggerated respect with which former colonies regarded their previous rulers. This preference for English works was not entirely unreasonable, considering the inferiority of American output, but it worsened the situation by depriving American authors of an audience. Only Journalism offered financial remuneration, but the mass audience wanted light, undemanding verse and worth topical essays not long or experimental work. The absence of adequate copyright laws was perhaps the clearest cause of literary stagnation. American printers pirating English best-sellers understandably were unwilling to pay an American author for unknown material. The unauthorized reprinting of foreign books was originally seen as a service to the colonies as well as a source of profit for printers like Franklin, who reprinted works of the classics and great European books to educate the American public.Printers everywhere in America followed his lead. There are notorious examples of pirating. Matthew Carrey, an important American publisher, paid a London agent a sort of literary spy to send copies of unbound pages, or even proofs, to him in fast ships that could sail to America in a month. Carrys men would sail out to meet the incoming ships in the harbor and speed the pirated books into print using typesetters who divided the book into sections and worked in shifts around the clock. Such a pirated English book could be reprinted in a day and placed on the shelves for sale in American bookstores almost as fast as in England.Because imported authorized editions were more expensive and could not moment with pirated ones, the copyright situation damaged foreign authors such as Sir Walter Scott and Charles Dickens, along with American authors. But at least the foreign authors had already been paid by their original publishers and were already well known. Americans such as James Feminine Cooper not only failed to receive adequate payment, but they had to suffer seeing their w orks pirated under their noses. Coopers first successful book, The Spy (1821), was pirated by four different printers within a month of its appearance. Ironically, the copyright law of 1790, which allowed pirating, was nationalistic in intent. Drafted by Noah Webster, the great lexicographer who later compiled an American dictionary, the law protected only the work of American authors; it was felt that English writers should look out for themselves. Bad as the law was, none of the early publishers were willing to have it changed because it proved profitable for them. Piracy starved the first generation of revolutionary American writers; not surprisingly, the generation after them produced point of American writing.Nevertheless, the cheap and plentiful supply of pirated foreign books and classics in the first 50 years of the new country did educate Americans, including the first great writers, who began to make their appearance around 1825. THE AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of Justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Benjamin Franklin, whom the Scottish philosopher David Home called Americas first read man of letters, embodied the Enlightenment ideal of humane rationality. Practical yet idealistic, hard-working and enormously successful, Franklin recorded his early life in his famous Autobiography. Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize.Franklin was a second-generation immigrant. His Puritan father, a chandler (candle- maker), came to Boston, Massachusetts, from England in 1683. In many ways Franklins life illustrates the impact of the Enlightenment on a gifted individual. Self- educated but well-read in John Locke, Lord Saboteur, Joseph Addison, and other Enlightenment writers, Franklin learned from them to apply reason to his own life and to break with tradition in particular the old-fashioned Puritan tradition when it threatened to smother his ideals.While a youth, Franklin taught himself languages, read widely, and practiced writing for the public. When he moved from Boston to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Franklin already had the kind of education associated with the upper classes. He also had the Puritan capacity for hard, careful work, constant self-scrutiny, and the desire to better himself. These qualities steadily propelled him to wealth, respectability, and honor. Never selfish, Franklin tried to help other ordinary people become successful by sharing his insights and initiating a characteristically American genre the self-help book.Franklins Poor Richards Almanacs, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well -known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of useful encouragement, advice, and factual information, amusing characters such as old Father Abraham and Poor Richard exhort the reader in pithy, memorable sayings. In The Way to Wealth, which originally appeared in the Almanacs, Father Abraham, a plain clean old Man, with white Locks, quotes Poor Richard at length. A Word to the Wise is enough, he says. God helps them that help themselves. Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Poor Richard is a psychologist (Industry pays Debts, while Despair increase them), and he always counsels hard work (Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck). Do not be lazy, he advises, for One To- ay is worth two tomorrow. Sometimes he creates anecdotes to illustrate his points: A little Neglect may breed great Mischief.For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being Franklin was a genius at compressing a moral point: What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children. A small leak will sink a great Ship. Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them. Franklins Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book. Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. The most famous section ascribes his scientific scheme of self- improvement.Franklin lists 13 virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, Justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He elaborates on each with a maxim; for example, the temperance maxim is Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation. A pragmatic scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the experimental subject. To establish good habits, Franklin invented a reusable cylindrical record book in which he worked on one virtue each eek, recording each lapse with a black spot.His theory prefigures psychological behaviorism, while his systematic method of notation anticipates modern behavior modification. The project of self-improvement blends the Enlightenment belief in perfectibility with the Puritan habit of moral self-scrutiny. Franklin saw early that writing could best advance his ideas, and he therefore deliberately perfected his supple prose style, not as an end in itself but as a tool. Write with the learned. Pronounce with the vulgar, he advised. A scientist, he followed the Royal (scientific)Societys 1667 advice to use a close, naked, natural way of speaking; positive expressions, clear senses, a native easiness, bringing all things as near the mathematical plainness as they can. Despite his prosperity and fame, Franklin never lost his democratic sensibility, and he was an important figure at the 1787 convention at which the U. S. Constitution was drafted. In his later years, he was president of an antislavery association. One of his last efforts was to promote universal public education. Hector SST. John De Occurred (1735-1813) Another Enlightenment figure is Hector SST. John De Occurred, whose Letters from an American Farmer (1782) gave Europeans a glowing idea of opportunities for peace, wealth, and pride in America. Neither an American nor a farmer, but a French aristocrat who owned a plantation outside New York City before the Revolution, Occurred enthusiastically praised the colonies for their industry, tolerance, and growing prosperity in 12 letters that depict America as an agrarian paradise a vision that would inspire Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Wald Emerson, and many other writers up to the present.Occurred was the earliest European to develop a considered view of America and the new American character. The first to exploit the melting pot image of America, in a famous passage he asks: What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was D utch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations .Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause changes in the world. THE POLITICAL PAMPHLET: Thomas paten (1737-1809) The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. Over 2,000 pamphlets were published during the role of drama, as they were often read aloud in public to excite audiences. American soldiers read them aloud in their camps; British Loyalists threw them into public bonfires.Thomas Pains pamphlet Common Sense sold over 100,000 copies in the first three months of its publication. It is still rousing today. The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind, Paine wrote, voicing the idea of American exceptionalness still strong in the United States that in some fundamental sense, since America is a democratic experiment and a country theoretically open to all immigrants, the fate of America foreshadows the fate of humanity at large. Political writings in a democracy had to be clear to appeal to the voters.And to have informed voters, universal education was promoted by many of the founding fathers. One indication of the vigorous, if simple, literary life was the proliferation of newspapers. More newspapers were read in America during the Revolution than anywhere else in the world. Immigration also mandated a simple style. Clarity was vital to a newcomer, for whom English might be a second language. Thomas Jefferson original draft of the Declaration of Independence is clear and logical, but his committees modifications made it even simpler.The Federalist Papers, written in support of the Constitution, are also lucid, logical arguments, suitable for debate in a democratic nation. NEOCLASSICISM: EPIC, MOCK EPIC, AND SATIRE Unfortunately, literary writing was not as simple and direct as political writing. When trying to write poetry, most educated authors stumbled into the pitfall of elegant neoclassicism. The epic, in particular, exercised a fatal attraction. American literary patriots felt sure that the great American Revolution naturally would find expression in the epic a long, dramatic narrative poem in elevated language, celebrating the feats of a legendary hero.Many writers tried but none succeeded. Timothy Dwight (1752-1817), one of the group of writers known as the Hartford Wits, is an example. Dwight, who eventually became the president of Yale University, based his epic, The Conquest of Canaan (1785), on the Biblical story of Joshua struggle to enter the Promised Land. Dwight cast General Washington, commander of the American army and later the first president of the United States, as Joshua in his allegory and borrowed the couplet form that Alexander Pope used to translate Homer. Thighs epic was as boring as it was ambitious.English critics demolished it; even Thighs friends, such as John Truthful (1750-1831), remained unenthusiastic. So much thunder and lightning raged in the melodramatic battle scenes that Truthful proposed that the epic be provided with lightning rods. Not surprisingly, satirical poetry fared much better than serious verse. The mock epic genre encouraged American poets to use their natural voices and did not lure them into a bog of pretentious and predictable patriotic sentiments and faceless conventional poetic epithets out of the Greek poet Homer and the Roman poet Virgil by way of the English poets.In mock epics like John Troubles good-humored Muffling (1776-82), stylized emotions and conventional turns of phrase are ammunition for good satire, and the bombastic oratory of the revolution is itself ridiculed. Modeled on the British poet Samuel Butlers Hydras, the mock epic derides a Tory, Muffling. It is often pithy, as when noting of condemned criminals facing hanging: No man ever felt the halter draw Muffling went into over 30 editions, was reprinted for a half-century, and was appreciated in England as well as America.Satire appealed to Revolutionary audiences partly because it contained social comment and criticism, and political topics and social problems were the main subjects of the day. The f irst American comedy to be performed, The Contrast (produced 1787) by Royal Tyler (1757-1826), humorously contrasts Colonel Manly, an American officer, with Dimple, who imitates English fashions. Naturally, Dimple is made to look ridiculous. The play introduces the first Yankee character, Jonathan. Another satirical work, the novel Modern Chivalry, published by Hugh Henry Bracketing in installments from 1792 to 1815, memorably lampoons the excesses of the age.Bracketing (1748- 1816), a Scottish immigrant raised on the American frontier, based his huge, picaresque novel on Don Quixote; it describes the misadventures of Captain Farrago and his stupid, brutal, yet appealingly human, servant Outage Reagan. POET OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: Philip Freemen (1752-1832) One poet, Philip Freemen, incorporated the new stirrings of European Romanticism and escaped the imitativeness and vague universality of the Hartford Wits. The key to both his success and his failure was his passionately democratic spirit combined with an inflexible temper.The Hartford Wits, all of them undoubted patriots, reflected the general cultural conservatism of the educated classes. Freemen set himself against this holdover of old Tory attitudes, complain ing of the writings of an aristocratic, speculating faction at Hartford, in favor of monarchy and titular distinctions. Although Freemen received a fine education and was as well acquainted with the classics as any Hartford Wit, he embraced liberal and democratic causes. From a Houghton (radical French Protestant) background, Freemen fought as a militiaman during the Revolutionary War.In 1780, he was captured and imprisoned in two British ships, where he almost died before his family managed to get him released. His poem The British Prison Ship is a bitter condemnation of the cruelties of the British, who wished to stain the world with gore. This piece and other revolutionary works, including Tutee Springs, American Liberty, A Political Litany, A Midnight Consultation, and George the Thirds Soliloquy, brought him fame as the Poet of the American Revolution. Freemen edited a number of Journals during his life, always mindful of the great cause of democracy. When Thomas Jefferson helped him establish the militant, anti-Federalist National Gazette in 1791, Freemen became the first powerful, crusading n ewspaper editor in America, and the literary predecessor of William Culled Bryant, William Lloyd Garrison, and H. L. Mencken. As a poet and editor, Freemen adhered to his democratic ideals. His popular poems, published in newspapers for the average reader, regularly elaborate American subjects. The Virtue of Tobacco concerns the indigenous plant, a mainstay of the southern economy, while The Jug of Rum celebrates the alcoholic drink of the West Indies, a crucial commodity of early American trade and a major New World export. Common American characters lived in The Pilot of Hatters, as well as in poems about quack doctors and bombastic evangelists. Freemen commanded a natural and colloquial style appropriate to a genuine democracy, but he could also rise to refined neoclassic lyricism in often-anthologies shrub. Not until the American Renaissance that began in the asses wouldAmerican poetry surpass the heights that Freemen had scaled 40 years earlier. Additional groundwork for later literary achievement was laid during the early years. Nationalism inspired publications in many fields, leading to a new appreciation of things American. Noah Webster (1758-1843) devised an American Dictionary, as well as an important reader and speller for the schools. His Spelling Book sold more than 100 million copies over the years. Updated Webster dictionaries are still standard today. The American Geography, by Jihad Morse, another landmark reference work, promoted knowledge of the vast and expanding American land itself. Some of the most interesting if nonliterary writings of the period are the Journals of frontiersmen and explorers such as Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) and Zebu Pike (1779-1813), who wrote accounts of expeditions across the Louisiana Territory, the vast portion of the North American continent that Thomas Jefferson purchased from Napoleon in 1803. WRITERS OF FICTION The first important fiction writers widely recognized today, Charles Brocaded Brown, Washington Irving, and James Feminine Cooper, used American subjects, historical perspectives, themes of change, and nostalgic tones.They wrote in many prose inner, initiated new forms, and found new ways to make a living through literature. With them, American literature began to be read and appreciated in the United States and abroad. Charles Brocaded Brown (1771-1810) Already mentioned as the first professional American writer, Charles Brocaded Brown was inspired by the English writers Mrs.. Radcliff and English William Godwin. (Radcliff was known for her terrifying Gothic novels; a novelist and social reformer, Godwin was the father of Mary Shelley, who wrote Frankincense and married English poet Percy Abysses Shelley. Driven by poverty, Brown hastily penned four haunting ovals in two years: Wielded (1798), Arthur Mervin (1799), Round (1799), and Edgar Huntley (1799). In them, he developed the genre of American Gothic. The Gothic novel was a popular genre of the day featuring exotic and wild settings, disturbing psychological depth, and much suspense. Trappings included ruined castles or abbeys, ghosts, mysterious secrets, threatening figures, and solitary maidens who survive by their wits and spiritual strength.At their best, such novels offer tremendous suspense and hints of magic, along with profound explorations of the human soul in extremity. Critics suggest that Browns Gothic sensibility expresses deep anxieties about the inadequate social institutions of the new nation. Brown used distinctively American settings. A man of ideas, he traumatized scientific theories, developed a personal theory of fiction, and championed high literary standards despite personal poverty. Though flawed, his works are darkly powerful. Increasingly, he is seen as the precursor of romantic writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.He expresses subconscious fears that the outwardly optimistic Enlightenment period drove underground. Washington Irving (1789-1859) The youngest of 11 children born to a well-to-do New York merchant family, Washington Irving became a cultural and diplomatic ambassador to Europe, like Benjamin Franklin and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Despite his talent, he probably would a series of fortuitous incidents had not thrust writing as a profession upon him. Through friends, he was able to publish his Sketch Book (1819-1820) simultaneously in England and America, obtaining copyrights and payment in both countries.The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon (Ervings pseudonym) contains his two best remembered stories, Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Sketch aptly describes Ervings delicate, elegant, yet seemingly casual style, and crayon suggests his ability as a colorist or creator of rich, nuanced tones and emotional effects. In the Sketch Book, Irving transforms the Catskill Mountains along the Hudson River north of New York City into a fabulous, magical region. American readers gratefully accepted Ervings imagined history of the Catskills, despite the fact (unknown to them) that he had adapted his stories from a German source.Irving gave America something it badly needed in the brash, materialistic early years: an imaginative way of relating to the new land. No writer was as successful as Irving at humiliating the land, endowi ng it with a name and a face and a set of legends. The story of Rip Van Winkle, who slept for 20 years, waking to find the colonies had become independent, eventually became folklore. It was adapted for the stage, went into the oral tradition, and was gradually accepted as authentic American legend by generations of Americans. Irving discovered and helped satisfy the raw new nations sense of history.His numerous works may be seen as his devoted attempts to build the new nations soul by recreating history and giving it living, breathing, imaginative life. For subjects, he chose the most dramatic aspects of American history: the discovery of the New World, the first president and national hero, and the westward exploration. His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written by Dietrich Knickerbockers (hence the name of Ervings friends and New York writers of the day, the Knickerbockers School).James Fen-Noreen cooper (1789-1851) James Feminine Cooper, like Irving, evoked a sense of the past and gave it a local habitation and a name. In Cooper, though, one finds the powerful myth of a golden age and the poignancy of its loss. While Irving and other American writers before and after him scoured Europe in search of its legends, castles, and great themes, Cooper grasped the essential myth of America: that it was timeless, like the wilderness. American history was a trespass on the eternal; European history in America was a reenactment of the fall in the Garden of Eden.The cyclical realm of nature was glimpsed only in the act of destroying it: The wilderness disappeared in front of American eyes, vanishing before the oncoming pioneers like a mirage. This is Coopers basic tragic vision of the ironic destruction of the wilderness, the new Eden hat had attracted the colonists in the first place. Personal experience enabled Cooper to write vividly of the transformation of the wilderness and of other subjects such as the sea and the clash of peoples from different cultures.The son of a Quaker family, he grew up on his fa thers remote estate at Outset Lake (now Cooperators) in central New York State. Although this area was relatively peaceful during Coopers boyhood, it had once been the scene of an Indian massacre. Young Feminine Cooper grew up in an almost feudal environment. His father, Judge Cooper, was a landowner and leader. Cooper saw frontiersmen and Indians at Outset Lake as a boy; in later literary character, embodies his vision of the frontiersman as a gentleman, a Jeffersonian natural aristocrat. Early in 1823, in The Pioneers, Cooper had begun to discover Bumpy.Natty is the first famous frontiersman in American literature and the literary forerunner of countless cowboy and backwoods heroes. He is the idealized, upright individualist who is better than the society he protects. Poor and isolated, yet pure, he is a touchstone for ethical values and prefigures Herman Melville Billy Bud and Mark Twains Hack Finn. Based in part on the real life of American pioneer Daniel Boone who was a Quaker like Cooper Natty Bumpy, an outstanding woodsman like Boone, was a peaceful man adopted by an Indian tribe.Both Boone and the fictional Bumpy loved nature and freedom. They constantly kept moving west to escape the oncoming settlers they had guided into the wilderness, and they became legends in their own lifetimes. Natty is also chaste, high-minded, and deeply spiritual: He is the Christian knight of medieval romances transposed to the virgin forest and rocky soil of America. The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumpy.Coopers finest achievement, they constitute a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting, Indian tribes as characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804. Coopers novels portray the successive waves of the frontier settlement: the original wilderness inhabited by Indians; the arrival of the first whites as scouts, soldiers, traders, and frontiersmen; the coming of the poor, rough settler families; and the final arrival of the middle class, bringing the first professionals the Judge, the physician, and the banker.Each incoming wave displaced the earlier: Whites displaced the Indians, who retreated westward; the civilized middle classes who erected schools, churches, and Jails displaced the lower-class individualistic frontier folk, who moved further west, in turn displacing the Indians who had preceded them. Cooper evokes the endless, inevitable wave of settlers, seeing not only the gains but the losses. Coopers novels reveal a deep tension between the lone individual and society, nature and culture, spirituality and organized religion.In Cooper, the natural world and the Ind ian are fundamentally good as is the highly veiled realm associated with his most cultured characters. Intermediate characters are often suspect, especially greedy, poor white settlers who are too uneducated or unrefined to appreciate nature or culture. Like Rudyard Kipling, E. M. Forester, Herman Melville, and other sensitive observers of widely varied cultures interacting with each other, Cooper was a cultural relativist. He understood that no culture had a monopoly on virtue or refinement. Cooper accepted the American condition while Irving did not.Irving addressed the American setting as a European might have by importing and adapting European legends, culture, and history. Cooper took the process a step farther. He created American settings and new, distinctively American characters and themes. He was the first to sound the recurring tragic note in American fiction. WOMEN AND MINORITIES Although the colonial period produced several women writers of note, the revolutionary era did not further the work of women and minorities, despite the many schools, magazines, newspapers, and literary clubs that were springing up.Gamble Knight exerted considerable social and literary influence in spite of primitive conditions and dangers; of the 18 women who came to America on the ship Mayflower in 1620, only four survived the first year. When every able-bodied person counted and conditions were fluid, innate talent could find expression. But as cultural institutions became formalized in the new republic, women and minorities gradually were excluded from them. Phillips Whitley (c. 753-1784) Given the hardships of life in early America, it is ironic that some of the best poetry of the period was written by an exceptional slave woman. The first African-American author of importance in the United States, Phillips Whitley was born in Africa and brought to Boston, Massachusetts, when she was about seven, where she was arched by the pious and wealthy tailor John Whitley to be a companion for his wife. The Hatless recognized Phillips remarkable intelligence and, with the help of their daughter, Mary, Phillips learned to read and write.Wattles poetic themes are religious, and her style, like that of Philip Freemen, is neoclassical. Among her best- known poems are To S. M. , a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works, a poem of praise and encouragement for another talented black, and a short poem showing her strong religious sensitivity filtered through her experience of Christian conversion. This poem unsettles some contemporary critics whites because they find it conventional, and blacks because the poem does not protest the immorality of slavery.Yet the work is a sincere expression; it confronts white racism and asserts spiritual equality. Indeed, Whitley was the first to address such issues confidently in verse, as in On Being Brought from Africa to America: Twats mercy brought me from my Pagan land Taught my benighted soul to understand That theres a God, that theres a Savior too; Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, Their color is a diabolic dye. Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, May be refined, and Join the angelic train.Other Women Writers A number of accomplished revolutionary-era women writers have been rediscovered by feminist scholars. Susann Rawson (c. 1762-1824) was one of Americas first professional novelists. Her seven novels included the best-selling seduction story Charlotte Temple (1791). She treats feminist and abolitionist themes and depicts American Indians with respect. Another long-forgotten novelist was Hannah Foster (1758-1840), whose best-selling novel The Coquette (1797) was about a young women Ron between virtue and temptation.